1999 Vol.(1)
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1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
The present study investigates the interaction of steep waves with semi-circular breakwater with the complex plane's Cauchy boundary integral theorem. The boundary integral method is used to transform the calculation in fluid domain into its boundary alone. In the calculation the computation domain is moved with the propagation of waves. A numerical solution is obtained for incident Stokes waves passing the submerged obstacles. This method has been extended to the calculation of wave run-up on a slope for estimating wave overtopping.
The present study investigates the interaction of steep waves with semi-circular breakwater with the complex plane's Cauchy boundary integral theorem. The boundary integral method is used to transform the calculation in fluid domain into its boundary alone. In the calculation the computation domain is moved with the propagation of waves. A numerical solution is obtained for incident Stokes waves passing the submerged obstacles. This method has been extended to the calculation of wave run-up on a slope for estimating wave overtopping.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
According to the energy equation, the relation between reflection and energy losses for short waves from mild beaches is established and analysed. A reflection coefficient varying with position and energy losses is proposed. Different reflection tests are conducted to check the theoretical analysis. A modified method to estimate the reflection coefficient at varied water depths is suggested based on the linear wave theory. The study indicates that the reflection coefficient from mild beaches has a changing trend for short waves approaching shoreline.
According to the energy equation, the relation between reflection and energy losses for short waves from mild beaches is established and analysed. A reflection coefficient varying with position and energy losses is proposed. Different reflection tests are conducted to check the theoretical analysis. A modified method to estimate the reflection coefficient at varied water depths is suggested based on the linear wave theory. The study indicates that the reflection coefficient from mild beaches has a changing trend for short waves approaching shoreline.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
The results of design and experiment of a submerged semi-circular breakwater at the Yangtze estuary show that the submerged structure will be unsafe when the general empirical wave force formula for semi-circular breakwater is used in design. Therefore, a new calculation method for the wave forces acting on a submerged semi-circular structure is given in this paper, in which the wave force acting on the inside circumference of semi-circular arch is included, and the phase modification coefficient in the general empirical formula is adjusted as well. The new wave force calculation method has been verified by the results of seven related physical model tests and adopted in the design of the south esturary jetty of the first stage project of Deep Channel Improvement Project of the Yangtze River Estuary, the total jetty length being 17.5km.
The results of design and experiment of a submerged semi-circular breakwater at the Yangtze estuary show that the submerged structure will be unsafe when the general empirical wave force formula for semi-circular breakwater is used in design. Therefore, a new calculation method for the wave forces acting on a submerged semi-circular structure is given in this paper, in which the wave force acting on the inside circumference of semi-circular arch is included, and the phase modification coefficient in the general empirical formula is adjusted as well. The new wave force calculation method has been verified by the results of seven related physical model tests and adopted in the design of the south esturary jetty of the first stage project of Deep Channel Improvement Project of the Yangtze River Estuary, the total jetty length being 17.5km.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
Effective stress analysis is performed to evaluate the residual displacement of a caisson quaywall during 1994 Hokkaido- Toho- Oki Earthquake and 1993 Kushiro- Oki Earthquake. The constitutive model used in this study is a multiple shear mechanism type defined in strain space and can take into account the effect of rotation of principal stress axis. The earthquake accelerations recorded at the outcropping rock during the earthquake are used as input bedrock motion. The results of finite element analysis are in good agreement with the observed behaviour of the quaywall. The analysis also indicates that liquefaction and high excess pore water pressure have a significant effect on the deformation of the caisson. Soil improvement is speculated as the most reliable measures against liquefaction. The influence of soil improvement and the reasonable improved area are discussed in the paper.
Effective stress analysis is performed to evaluate the residual displacement of a caisson quaywall during 1994 Hokkaido- Toho- Oki Earthquake and 1993 Kushiro- Oki Earthquake. The constitutive model used in this study is a multiple shear mechanism type defined in strain space and can take into account the effect of rotation of principal stress axis. The earthquake accelerations recorded at the outcropping rock during the earthquake are used as input bedrock motion. The results of finite element analysis are in good agreement with the observed behaviour of the quaywall. The analysis also indicates that liquefaction and high excess pore water pressure have a significant effect on the deformation of the caisson. Soil improvement is speculated as the most reliable measures against liquefaction. The influence of soil improvement and the reasonable improved area are discussed in the paper.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
This paper carries out the analysis of mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines which has been successfully used in oil fields in China. The main improvement of this system is that a lever frame structure is used in the structural design, which reduces greatly the stresses of the major components of the oil pipe tongs. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation based on thirteen basic equations developed show that the teeth board of the tongs is not easy to slip as frequently happens to other systems and is of higher reliability.
This paper carries out the analysis of mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines which has been successfully used in oil fields in China. The main improvement of this system is that a lever frame structure is used in the structural design, which reduces greatly the stresses of the major components of the oil pipe tongs. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation based on thirteen basic equations developed show that the teeth board of the tongs is not easy to slip as frequently happens to other systems and is of higher reliability.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
Analytical and numerical investigation is made of the source potential for floating structure with forward speed in waves. A particular form is selected for numerical applications, where the double integral of the Green function is transformed into the single one and the oscillation characteristics for integrands in the specific computation domain are treated numerically. A comparison of calculated examples with published data is given and it shows that the numerical simulation is satisfactory and the accuracy is adequate to engineering application.
Analytical and numerical investigation is made of the source potential for floating structure with forward speed in waves. A particular form is selected for numerical applications, where the double integral of the Green function is transformed into the single one and the oscillation characteristics for integrands in the specific computation domain are treated numerically. A comparison of calculated examples with published data is given and it shows that the numerical simulation is satisfactory and the accuracy is adequate to engineering application.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
The maximum entropy principle (MEP) method and the corresponding probability evaluation method are introduced, and the maximum entropy probability distribution expression is deduced in moment of the second order. Fully developed wave height distribution in deep water and wave height and period distribution for different depths in wind wave channel experiment are obtained from the MEP method, and the results are compared with the distribution and the experimental histogram. The wave height and period distribution for the Lianyungang port is also obtained by the MEP method, and the results are compared with the Weibull distribution and the field histogram.
The maximum entropy principle (MEP) method and the corresponding probability evaluation method are introduced, and the maximum entropy probability distribution expression is deduced in moment of the second order. Fully developed wave height distribution in deep water and wave height and period distribution for different depths in wind wave channel experiment are obtained from the MEP method, and the results are compared with the distribution and the experimental histogram. The wave height and period distribution for the Lianyungang port is also obtained by the MEP method, and the results are compared with the Weibull distribution and the field histogram.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
-In this paper, a nonlinear model is presented to describe wave transformation in shallow water with the zero- vorticity equation of wave- number vector and energy conservation equation. The nonlinear effect due to an empirical dispersion relation (by Hedges) is compared with that of Dalrymple's dispersion relation. The model is tested against the laboratory measurements for the case of a submerged elliptical shoal on a slope beach, where both refraction and diffraction are significant. The computation results, compared with those obtained through linear dispersion relation, show that the nonlinear effect of wave transformation in shallow water is important. And the empirical dispersion relation is suitable for researching the nonlinearity of wave in shallow water.
-In this paper, a nonlinear model is presented to describe wave transformation in shallow water with the zero- vorticity equation of wave- number vector and energy conservation equation. The nonlinear effect due to an empirical dispersion relation (by Hedges) is compared with that of Dalrymple's dispersion relation. The model is tested against the laboratory measurements for the case of a submerged elliptical shoal on a slope beach, where both refraction and diffraction are significant. The computation results, compared with those obtained through linear dispersion relation, show that the nonlinear effect of wave transformation in shallow water is important. And the empirical dispersion relation is suitable for researching the nonlinearity of wave in shallow water.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
The Monte- Carlo method is used to simulate the surface fatigue crack growth rate for offshore structural steel E36-Z35, and to determine the distributions and relevance of the parameters in the Paris equation. By this method, the time and cost of fatigue crack propagation testing can be reduced. The application of the method is demonstrated by use of four sets of fatigue crack propagation data for offshore structural steel E36-Z35. A comparison of the test data with the theoretical prediction for surface crack growth rate shows the application of the simulation method to the fatigue crack propagation tests is successful.
The Monte- Carlo method is used to simulate the surface fatigue crack growth rate for offshore structural steel E36-Z35, and to determine the distributions and relevance of the parameters in the Paris equation. By this method, the time and cost of fatigue crack propagation testing can be reduced. The application of the method is demonstrated by use of four sets of fatigue crack propagation data for offshore structural steel E36-Z35. A comparison of the test data with the theoretical prediction for surface crack growth rate shows the application of the simulation method to the fatigue crack propagation tests is successful.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
It has been shown that Boussinesq type equations, which include the lowest order effects of nonlinearity and frequency dispersion, can provide an accurate description of wave evolution in coastal regions. But different linear dispersion characteristics of the equation can be obtained by different integrating method. In this paper, a new form of the Boussinesq equation is derived by use of two different layer horizontal velocity variables instead of the commonly used depth-averaged velocity or an arbitrary layer velocity. This significantly improves the linear dispersion properties of the Boussinesq equation and enables it to be applied to a wider range of water depth.
It has been shown that Boussinesq type equations, which include the lowest order effects of nonlinearity and frequency dispersion, can provide an accurate description of wave evolution in coastal regions. But different linear dispersion characteristics of the equation can be obtained by different integrating method. In this paper, a new form of the Boussinesq equation is derived by use of two different layer horizontal velocity variables instead of the commonly used depth-averaged velocity or an arbitrary layer velocity. This significantly improves the linear dispersion properties of the Boussinesq equation and enables it to be applied to a wider range of water depth.
1999, (1): -.
Abstract:
Most terminals for tankers are piers and sea islands, while other types include single point moorings and multiple-buoy moorings. The LNG and LPG carrier moored to the jetty is a very common terminal for transfer of gas in open seas. It is important to estimate the motions and line tensions of the LNG carrier when it moors to a jetty in metocean environment. Normally, the motions of the LNG carrier would be restricted by the loading arm, which is connected to LNG carrier's manifold. An example of 125,000 m3 LNG carrier moored to a jetty exposed to a set of environment conditions is given. A mathematical model which is based on the equations of motion in the time domain is used to the analysis of LNG moored to an offshore jetty exposed to waves, swell, wind and current. By means of a time domain computer program TERMSIM computations are carried out to determine and optimize the lay-out and / or orientation of the jetty and mooring gear in terms of forces in mooring lines and fenders and the envelope of motions of the loading arms. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of the mooring system and carrier motions to the combinations of wind waves with and without swell, steady wind and wind spectra. The results can be consulted by the designer in the design of jetties.
Most terminals for tankers are piers and sea islands, while other types include single point moorings and multiple-buoy moorings. The LNG and LPG carrier moored to the jetty is a very common terminal for transfer of gas in open seas. It is important to estimate the motions and line tensions of the LNG carrier when it moors to a jetty in metocean environment. Normally, the motions of the LNG carrier would be restricted by the loading arm, which is connected to LNG carrier's manifold. An example of 125,000 m3 LNG carrier moored to a jetty exposed to a set of environment conditions is given. A mathematical model which is based on the equations of motion in the time domain is used to the analysis of LNG moored to an offshore jetty exposed to waves, swell, wind and current. By means of a time domain computer program TERMSIM computations are carried out to determine and optimize the lay-out and / or orientation of the jetty and mooring gear in terms of forces in mooring lines and fenders and the envelope of motions of the loading arms. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of the mooring system and carrier motions to the combinations of wind waves with and without swell, steady wind and wind spectra. The results can be consulted by the designer in the design of jetties.
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